Assessment Objectives

Detailed Breakdown: From Models to Materials

• Define hybridization, formal charge, ligands, and coordination number.
• Identify the hybridization of carbon atoms in various organic molecules ($\ce{sp, sp^2, sp^3}$).
• Distinguish between sigma and pi bonds and identify them in a molecule like ethene or ethyne.
• Calculate formal charges to determine the most stable Lewis structure for resonance hybrids like $\ce{O3}$ or $\ce{CO2}$.
• Explain the origin of color in transition metal complexes using d-orbital splitting and light absorption.
• Discuss the factors affecting d-orbital splitting (nature of the ligand, charge on the metal ion).
• Use formal charge to justify the preferred Lewis structure for polyatomic ions like $\ce{NO3-}$ or $\ce{SO4^2-}$.